Samoa’s Iconic Fale:
How Culture Informs Architecture
By Francis (Peter) Higginson and Philippe Lair
© 2023 Francis Higginson, Philippe Lair, and Pernille Askerud
under exclusive license to La Loingtaine Publishing.
Illustrations: All drawings and photos by Philippe Lair unless otherwise indicated.
SAMOA’S ICONIC FALE: How Culture Informs Architecture explores the profound relationship between architecture and culture through the lens of the Samoan fale—a structure that is at once functional, symbolic, and deeply embedded in social life. Drawing on extensive research and richly illustrated with photographs, the book shows how spatial design, craftsmanship, and communal values are inseparable within Samoan architectural practice.
Rather than approaching architecture as a purely formal discipline, the authors present the fale as a living expression of cultural identity—where genealogy, ceremony, and environment converge in built form. The result is a work that speaks not only to specialists in architecture and anthropology, but to all readers interested in the ways culture shapes the spaces we inhabit.
To mark its publication, a small reception was held at La Loingtaine Publishing. Étienne Clément, Director of UNESCO Office for the Pacific States (2013–2015), Page 21 introduced the book. His remarks can be found in the review section, “What others say”, alongside other perspectives on the publication.
DESCRIPTION
‘SĀMOA’S ICONIC FALE: HOW CULTURE SHAPES ARCHITECTURE’
is a detailed description of how the traditional fale were constructed and how these buildings reflected Samoan culture and society.
The book draws on a long process of information-gathering and research related to these traditions and represents a unique overview of the topic. Thanks to the increasing digitalization of archives, it was possible for the authors to make use of hitherto little-known research and documentation by the missionaries and anthropologists who came to the Pacific islands in the late 19th century and recorded their impressions. In addition, the book was able to draw on recent academic research into Samoan traditional culture. Hence, the book pulls together insights that have not before been available in one place, fostering new knowledge and the identification of developments in these traditions that have so far been underexposed; for example, the o le Sa ceremony and the payments traditionally associated with fale construction. With its careful references to historical, anthropological, and architectural source material ‘SĀMOA’S ICONIC FALE’ emerges as a new, standard-setting reference on Samoan built heritage.
The building materials and the methods used to assemble a traditional fale differ considerably from western architectural practices: and because knowledge about fale construction and design is so deeply rooted in the Samoan language, Samoan words and expressions are used throughout the text along with the closest English equivalents.
The book is a personal testament to Peter Higginson’s years of experience living in Sāmoa as Head of the UNESCO Office for the Pacific States. Higginson has written a representation of Samoan culture and traditions that is both emotionally and intellectually sound in its attempt to represent the lives of others. The book makes clear that it is not simply a matter of recording a physical reality – the architecture and construction process of the traditional fale – but of artfully organizing these observations in ways that reveal the complex patterns of Samoan social life.
Richly illustrated with new and old photographs, the book falls in various parts. Part I describes Samoan traditional architecture in its social and cultural context – the builders and the mutual obligations between them and the future owners; the changing nature of the fale as cultural signifier of Sāmoa’s cosmogeny and its genealogical links to Tagaloa, the original God-builder; and how today’s use of the fale has changed its underlying emphasis from the links to the past to become a contemporary symbol of Polynesian identity. Part II includes almost a hundred line-drawings and photographs by Philippe Lair, offering a detailed step-by-step description of the architectural design and the construction process of the two most prestigious buildings of Samoan built heritage, the faletele and the faleafolau, as understood by a western architect – as well as descriptions that are closer to the understanding of the islanders themselves. The introductory Part and Part III feature complementary information including a literature review, maps, a note on the Samoan language used in the book, as wll as various appendices.
While elaborating the manuscript, it became increasingly evident that deep insight into the oral culture and traditional knowledge of the island is rapidly disappearing as Samoan society becomes integrated in the global world and economy. Hence the book may turn out to be a last-minute safeguarding of some of that knowledge and its potential for contributing to a deeper understanding of Samoan culture and society today.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
|
La’auli Francis (Peter) Higginson Peter Higginson, the principal author of The Samoan Fale, was born in the United States and educated in international development, education, and project management at Harvard, the Sorbonne, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He spent nearly three decades working in UNESCO’s Education Sector. In 1983, when UNESCO established its Regional Office for the Pacific States, he was appointed Director and moved to Sāmoa. Over the following decade, working across the region, he developed a deep and lasting connection to the islands. Sāmoa became his home: he married into a Samoan family and was bestowed the chiefly title of La‘auli. It was during this time that he recognized the urgency of documenting the construction of the traditional fale—a body of knowledge at risk of disappearing—and became the driving force behind the project to record its techniques and cultural significance. Over the years, he cultivated a strong interest in both the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of the Pacific, an engagement that underpins his work on the fale. Today, Peter Higginson lives with his family in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and continues to travel regularly to Sāmoa.
|
Philippe Lair Philippe Lair is co-founder of the architectural practice CODA Architectes, established in 1988 and now based in Paris and Lyon. The agency is known for its work in the rehabilitation of social housing, with a strong focus on environmentally and energy-efficient design. He joined the fale documentation project during UNESCO missions to Sāmoa in 1985 and 1986, where he was responsible for recording—through drawings, photographs, and written observations—the building techniques and construction processes of the traditional fale. This collaboration led to the publication of The Samoan Fale in 1992, co-authored with Peter Higginson and published by UNESCO. Philippe has since returned to Sāmoa on several occasions, each visit further deepening his understanding and documentation of the craft and cultural significance of the traditional fale.
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS
[PART 0] INTRODUCTION
A NOTE ON SĀMOA, THE COUNTRY
GUIDE FOR THE NON-SAMOAN SPEAKER
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
[PART 1] SAMOAN CULTURE AND TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER 1: THE SAMOAN COUNCIL AND GUEST HOUSES IN CONTEXT
A Typical Samoan Village Settlement
Fa’aSāmoa: Harmony and Social Cohesion
Fa’amātai: Governance and Social Organization
CHAPTER 2: WHEN IS A FALE A ‘FALE SĀMOA’?
Introduction to the Built Structures
CHAPTER 3: TUFUGA-FAUFALE: THE BUILDERS
The First Builders
The Builders’ Guilds
Status of a Samoan Tufuga
CHAPTER 4: CEREMONIES AND RITUALS OF FALE CONSTRUCTION
Ritual Language
O Le Sā – Ceremonial Feasts as Vehicles for Payments
Tāuga – Contracting the Builders
Momoli O Le Tufuga – Arrival of the Builders
Fa’atāuga– Raising the Main Posts
Umusaga – the Final Ceremony
CHAPTER 5: TRADITIONAL FALE CONSTRUCTION TODAY
[PART 2] CONSTRUCTION OF A TRADITIONAL FALE
CHAPTER 6: PREPARING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 7: BUILDING A FALETELE
CHAPTER 8: BUILDING A FALEAFOLAU
CHAPTER 9: FURNISHINGS AND DECORATIONS
[PART 3] APPENDICES
[PART 4] AFTERWORD
INFORMATION & PURCHASE
- Publisher: La Loingtaine Publishing
www.laloingtaine-publishing.com - Price: 90 €
- ISBN: 978 4 9910659 0 3
- Type of book: academic monograph with photos and illustrations (art book)
- Format: 210 x 275 mm, softcover with open spine and dustjacket
- Paper: 120 gsm Munken Lynx
- Pages: 224
- Date of Publishing: 2. October 2023
- Printed by: Druckerei zu Altenburg GmBH
- Key words:
Samoa, Fale, Polynesian Culture, Oceania, Pacific Cultural Heritage, Traditional Dwellings/Buildings, Social & Cultural Anthropology, Ethnography, Indigenous Pacific Research, Architecture, Traditional and Indigenous Design
To Purchase:
Our distribution system is now firmly in place, and the book is available through Amazon (UK, US, and France). An electronic edition of the book is also available.
Should you so prefer the book is also available for purchase directly from La Loingtaine (www.laloingtaine-publishing.com). For our contact details pls see below.
For more information, review copies and press materials pls contact info@laloingtaine-publishing.com
What others say
Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta’isi
The extensively-researched history contained in these pages is as timely as it is impressive in its own right since it records a great many aspects of my own culture – aspects that I consider nothing less than fundamental to an understanding of who we are and where we came from but aspects that are sadly either forgotten or misrepresented today.
Noting the level of detail and cultural sensitivity of the book’s narrative, it is all the more remarkable that it was written by two foreigners. Peter Higginson (the writer) hails from the US, and Philippe Lair is a French architect and photographer. Between them, they have over three decades of in-country experience and indeed, Higginson’s wife is Samoan, which on the face of it, clearly helped.
I take pleasure in commending this original work to both scholars of the history and culture that is reflected in our view of ourselves, what we simply call the “faaSamoa”, as well as to teachers of Samoan school children, both here in Samoa and abroad, who are seeking ways of enriching the instructional content of their lessons. It has been said that one challenge of today’s teachers is to prepare young Samoans for their future by helping them to recognize and warmly embrace the culture of their ethnicity. That being the case, they will find a goldmine of content in these pages.
Soifua
Richard A. Engelhardt
More than thirty years in the making, ‘Samoa’s Iconic Fale: How Culture Informs Its Architecture’ by co-authors Peter Higginson and Philippe Lair, is a comprehensive and original study of the Samoan fale (Council House). The lavishly illustrated text takes us on a journey across the islands’ architectural heritage starting 200 ago years in the era prior to European contact, through a period of cultural transition, to present-day expressions of the traditional architectural vocabulary of the fale for contemporary use in tourism, education, and diplomacy.
This is an impressive, standard-setting work for two compelling reasons. Firstly, the ambitious compilation of all available research on both technical and sociological aspects of the construction of the traditional Samoan fale is a heroic project in knowledge rescue and cultural survival. To data collated from previously published ethnographic compendia on Samoa, the authors have added many little-known and previously uncatalogued references. Synthesizing historical, anthropological, and architectural source material this publication will surely become the new, standard-setting reference on Samoan built heritage.
Secondly, the innovative juxtaposition of technical knowledge and cultural history vividly demonstrates that, in the Samoan context, intangible cultural traditions are the wellspring from which built architectural structures are created and which set the underlying parameters for change adaptation and innovation over time. In doing so, the authors have written a very original biography of the fale as a living architectural manifestation of Samoan cultural heritage as it has evolved through 200 years of transformation and adaptation.
Particularly strong features of this publication include:
- Minutely detailed description of all technical aspects of fale construction including the elaborate and diagnostic lashing techniques which hold the key not only to the structural stability of these unique constructions but also embody the enduring cultural stability of this iconic architectural tradition, transmitted through hereditary inter-generational guilds of artisan-builders.
- Insightful interpretation of fale construction as the physical embodiment of socio-cultural and economic relationships of status and power within Samoan society. Manifested in five elaborate ceremonies, the construction of a fale is carefully guided through a codified sequence of steps that are the pedagogical embodiment of orally-transmitted traditional knowledge honed by generations of practice, elaboration, and adaptation. The physical space thus created provides a tangible metaphor for the enduring cultural values of Samoan society through the ages.
- Illustrating and substantiating the written text are very many excellent photographs – some historic other newly documented during the decades of the authors’ research. This extensive repository of visual data complements and completes the technical information and cultural history of other sections of this publication.
The result is a longitudinal study and detailed reference of Samoan heritage, elucidating how the fale — as the defining physical manifestation of traditional values — demonstrates the resilience of Samoan culture as it has responded and adapted to society’s evolving needs over a period of more than 200 years.
Rupert Maclean AO
This book, Samoa’s Iconic Fale, is an important book on an important subject.
The fale – an oval or circular thatched building featuring a domed roof and no walls – is the traditional building design found in Samoa and in some other countries throughout the Pacific region. In presenting a compelling analysis of the strong and enduring interrelationship between culture and architecture, La’auli Peter Higginson and Philippe Lair provide a comprehensive, yet at the same time intimate portrait of the impact of culture on architecture, by showcasing the evolution and importance of traditional architecture in the form of Samoa’s iconic Fale.
The book is lavishly illustrated by Philippe Lair with many black/white and colour photographs, and detailed technical line drawings of the building techniques, which highlight the beauty and majesty of the Fale Samoa.
These are findings of more than academic interest. The implications of this groundbreaking book for our understanding of the impact of culture on traditional architecture extend far beyond the island country of Samoa, where research for this publication was undertaken.
Importantly, the book also well documents and highlights the vanishing technical, vocational and design skills of those who built the Samoan Fale, and the blurred line that exists between technical and vocational skills, and art. The documentation of these skills and their links to the physical, intellectual, emotional, and creative faculties of a society is invaluable in ensuring a deeper understanding of Samoan culture and, more widely, of the cultural knowledge embedded in all kinds of craft practices throughout the world.
This book has much to teach us not only about the evolution and building of Samoa’s Iconic Fale but much else besides. It vividly and convincingly illustrates the organic relationship between culture, society and architecture, and helps improve our understanding about how and why other buildings in other societies, for example skyscrapers in New York, have evolved. As such this book deserves to be widely read and it is to be hoped that the book will find its way into the schools of the region.
Etienne Clément
.. contribution à la promotion de la diversité culturelle
par Etienne Clément, Directeur du Bureau de l’UNESCO pour les Etats du Pacifique (2013-2015)
Merci aux Editions La Loingtaine, à Mesdames Masako Mori Saulière et Pernille Askerud de m’avoir convié au lancement de leur premier livre! Le point de départ de cet ouvrage très original est un document existant, publié par l’UNESCO en 1992 sous le titre « The Samoan Fale ». Son auteur, F. L. Higginson (dit « Peter » Higginson), n’était autre que le Représentant de l’UNESCO dans le Pacifique, basé à Apia, capitale de Samoa. Les illustrations étaient déjà les excellentes photographies de Philippe Lair. La publication avait alors été reçue très favorablement par le monde académique des « Pacific Studies ». Elle figurait en bonne place dans la bibliothèque de l’UNESCO à Apia, lorsque j’y ai pris mes fonctions de Directeur en 2013. Mais le livre que vous avez entre les mains fut ensuite enrichi considérablement par Peter Higginson lui-même ainsi que par l’éditeur, Pernille Askerud. Leur contribution est majeure, fruit d’un travail rigoureux pour retrouver, analyser et transcrire des informations et données sur le « fale de Samoa » avec le brillant résultat que vous avez sous les yeux : un ouvrage mis à jour et bénéficiant de nouvelles photographies de Philippe Lair. Il présente un état aussi exhaustif que possible de la connaissance publiée et disponible sur ce sujet particulier. Nul doute qu’il constituera une référence essentielle pour les chercheurs sur le Pacifique et dans le Pacifique, et ce dans des domaines aussi différents que l’architecture, l’histoire, la sociologie, l’ethnologie, l’ingénierie, le patrimoine culturel, entre autres.
Il est toutefois déjà loin le temps de la première édition de cet ouvrage (1992) quand les « Pacific Studies » étaient menées essentiellement en dehors des Etats insulaires du Pacifique. De nos jours, plusieurs universités dans la région ont créé et développé des programmes d’étude et de recherche vivants et diversifiés dans les domaines que je viens de citer.
C’est le cas, bien entendu, de l’Université du Pacifique Sud (University of South Pacific) mais aussi de l’Université nationale de Samoa (Samoa National University) et en particulier du « Centre for Samoan Studies » animé par les Professeurs Leasiolagi Dr. Malama Meleisea et Dr. Penelope Schoeffel.
Ce livre est une contribution importante dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel à un autre titre, au-delà de Samoa et du Pacifique. En effet, il illustre de façon admirable l’interaction entre le patrimoine tangible (le bâti) et intangible (l’activité humaine autour de ce bâti) qui sont, dans le cas du fale, intimement liés : la société inspire l’architecture et celle-ci soutient et apporte un cadre pérenne à des modes de vie fragilisés par la modernité. Sur le plan international, le cadre juridique protégeant le patrimoine tangible (notamment la Convention dite « du patrimoine mondial » de 1972) et le patrimoine intangible (la Convention de l’UNESCO de 2003) sont des instruments bien distincts, de même que les réseaux d’experts soutenant cette protection. Mais dans le cas du fale de Samoa, sa protection relève assurément des deux problématiques, celles du patrimoine tangible et celle du patrimoine intangible. C’est d’ailleurs le cas pour de nombreux autres sites patrimoniaux majeurs dans le Pacifique. A cet égard, je salue les initiatives régionales originales qui se sont développées dans la région pour protéger cet héritage. Il s’agit notamment de l’action du Conseil des arts et de la culture du Pacifique et de celle du Bouclier bleu du Pacifique (Blue Shield Pasefika), ce dernier réunissant un grand nombre d’acteurs dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel tangible et intangible.
L’histoire du fale de Samoa n’est évidemment pas terminée. Comme l’a très justement souligné Pernille Askerud, il reste à voir comment ces manifestations extraordinaires de la créativité humaine évolueront au cours de prochaines décennies : comment seront préservés les témoignages bâtis existants et comment la connaissance autour de cet héritage sera diffusée parmi les jeunes générations. Des initiatives ont fort heureusement été prises pour perpétuer ce patrimoine, notamment par un séminaire de l’UNESCO en 2014. Plusieurs articles récents du « Journal of Samoan Studies » témoignent également de l’existence de bonnes pratiques d’enseignement en la matière.
Il me reste à remercier vivement les Editions La Loingtaine pour cette superbe contribution à la promotion de la diversité culturelle. Nul doute que cet ouvrage, unique dans son genre, contribuera de façon constructive à la transmission de ces connaissances et méritera, à ce titre et à bien d’autres, de trouver une place de choix dans les rayons et sur les tables de travail des instituts de recherche de la région où il devrait rapidement devenir la référence incontournable sur le fale de Samoa.
Johannes Widodo (陳國林, ウィドドヨハネス)
The book offers a timely and incisive contribution to the discourse on vernacular architecture across the wider Nusantaran or MalayAustronesian world. Its strength lies in demonstrating how the Fale is not merely a building type but a cultural technology, an embodied system of environmental intelligence, social ethics, and cosmological order. The book’s critical value emerges in how it situates Samoan spatial logic within a broader Austronesian lineage of openair structures, elevated platforms, flexible enclosures, and communal lifeways. In the current era of the climate crisis, the Fale becomes a provocation: a reminder that cultural wisdom is not nostalgic but generative. Its passive cooling strategies, lowcarbon materiality, and climateresponsive form challenge contemporary architecture to rethink its dependence on mechanical systems. The book ultimately argues, convincingly, that futureoriented design must learn from Indigenous precedents that have long negotiated heat, humidity, wind, and social cohesion with elegance and restraint. I believe that this book is an important addition to the repository of knowledge and a reference for current and future generations of students, architects, and scholars who want to create sustainable living and preserve our valuable cultural wisdom.
Desmond Hui
The 19th-century architectural theorist Gottfried Semper postulated the origin of architecture in the skin of the building, attributing weaving as the first act of building per se. His ideas inspired a generation of researchers to seek the primitivism of architecture in aboriginal cultures — cultures that produced houses with weaving techniques — much as painters of the era were drawn to the idealized image of Polynesian communities. Had the Samoan fale been known to Semper, it would have offered him an almost ideal case. Here is a structure raised without a single nail or bolt, its elements bound together entirely through the ancient craft of lashing and weaving — a building that is, in the most literal sense, woven into existence.
Beyond this remarkable constructional logic, the fale achieves its spatial presence through slender means. Apart from the principal central posts, it relies not on heavy or large timber frames but on a disciplined system of lighter members, coordinated through precise technique and accumulated knowledge. The result is a structure of quiet formal elegance: an open oval or circular plan, permeable to air and light, its woven blinds deployed not for privacy but as the building's sole defence against rain and storm.
Higginson and Lair have comprehensively documented the full process of fale construction, relating language, social structure, religion, custom, and technique to the physical reality of the building. The documentation is not merely technical; it is ethnographic. The reader comes to understand that the choice of materials, the sequence of assembly, and the very act of lashing are all encoded with social and spiritual meaning.
By interweaving these dimensions, the authors reveal the fale not merely as a built form but as a living cultural system. This work represents a significant contribution to architectural theory and to the broader understanding of vernacular knowledge systems — essential reading for architects, anthropologists, and all those interested in the cultural foundations of built form.
Christian Coiffier
In the Journal de la Société des Océanistes (JSO, 2024), Christian Coiffier has written a detailed review in French of Sāmoa’s Iconic Fale: How Culture Informs Architecture. The review situates the book within broader regional scholarship and highlights its important contribution to addressing the relative scarcity of published studies on Oceanic vernacular architecture.
The review emphasizes the work’s comprehensive documentation of Samoan building traditions, its integration of ethnographic sources, and its rich visual and technical analysis of construction processes, while also pointing to avenues for further comparative research across the Pacific.
Chroniques de l’actualité scientifique et culturelle 2024 : p. 158-159 | 2024
Souverainetés autochtones. À travers l’Océanie, au-delà de l’État
link : 158-159 | 2024 Souverainetés autochtones. À travers l’Océanie, au-delà de l’État
Compte rendu de Sāmoa’s Iconic Fale: How Culture Informs Architecture de La’auli Francis Peter Higginson, Philippe Lair & Pernille Askerud (eds)
Par Christian Coiffier
Référence(s) :
La’auli Francis Peter Higginson, Philippe Lair & Pernille Askerud (eds), 2023. Sāmoa’s Iconic Fale: How Culture Informs Architecture. 221 p., 178 illu. et nombreux croquis, Tokyo (Japan), La Loingtaine Publishing, Bibliogr., Glossaire.
La Loingtaine Publishing, 2023
Les ouvrages concernant les architectures traditionnelles en Océanie sont relativement rares, par rapport aux nombreuses études et thèses, non publiées, relatives aux habitats vernaculaires de cette région. Deux pages seulement sont consacrées à l’architecture samoane dans l’Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World (Oliver, 1997 : 1220-122). L’étude Sāmoa’s Iconic Fale: How Culture Informs Architecture, publiée en 2023, vient combler cette lacune. Elle fait suite et complète largement une précédente publication, sous forme d’un fascicule de 82 pages ; The Samoan Fale, datant de 1992, réalisée par les mêmes auteurs.
Parmi les trois auteurs de l’ouvrage, seul Philippe Lair est architecte et fut consultant à Samoa pour l’unesco en 1988. La’auli Francis Higginson, après des études supérieures à Harvard et à la Sorbonne, fut nommé à Samoa directeur de l’office régional pour les états du Pacifique lors de sa fondation en 1983. Pernille Askerud est consultante pour les gouvernements et agences internationales, comme l’unesco. Elle est éditrice-en-chef de la maison d’édition La Loingtaine Publishing située à Paris.
En 1842, les dessinateurs de l’expédition française au pôle sud et en Océanie dirigée par Dumont d’Urville furent impressionnés par les grandes maisons de réunion des Samoa lors de l’escale des navires français l’Astrolabe et la Zélée dans cet archipel. Certains de leurs dessins (pp. 77 et 81) furent publiés à leur retour dans divers ouvrages et particulièrement l’un d’entre eux qui présente la charpente intérieure de la maison de réunion d’Apia. Ce dessin laisse apparaître un problème d’échelle des personnages par rapport à la structure générale de l’édifice, ce qui produit l’effet d’une couverture beaucoup plus vaste que dans la réalité.
Après quelques pages destinées à présenter l’archipel des Samoa, situé à environ 2 500 kilomètres à l’ouest de Tahiti, et la langue parlée par ses habitants, les auteurs citent diverses sources ethnographiques (pp. 30-35) provenant des travaux sur Samoa comme ceux de John Bettridge Stair, de l’ethnologue américain Craighill Handy, du pasteur de la London Missionary Society, George Turner, de l’ethnologue et naturaliste allemand Augustin Friedrich Krämer et du médecin d’origine māori, Te Rangi Hiroa (Sir Peter Buck).
Un premier chapitre est consacré à la présentation de la culture samoane et à l’organisation villageoise avec ses différents types de maisons. Des plans (pp. 52-53 et 60) et de nombreuses photos anciennes et récentes présentent l’architecture « traditionnelle » des grandes maisons de réunion, faletele et des maisons d’invités, faleafolau (pp. 38-47). Ces édifices sont presque toujours construits sur une plateforme surélevée de blocs de corail. Deux pages sont réservées à la description des abris à pirogues.
Les chapitres suivants s’intéressent aux constructeurs Tufuga de ces édifices, à leur statut dans la société samoane et à leur rémunération. Le rôle des femmes qui réalisent les fines nattes destinées à recouvrir le sol des édifices est également abordé. Les divers rituels et cérémonies qui ont lieu durant les différentes phases de la construction sont décrits avec précision et l’on constate que l’érection des piliers centraux poutû requière, comme dans de nombreuses autres architectures océaniennes, une attention toute particulière. Les grandes maisons communes faletele et faleafolau étaient les lieux où se pratiquaient les cérémonies de distribution du kava. S’il ne reste presque plus d’édifices réalisés en matériaux « traditionnels », les constructions contemporaines de fale s’inspirent encore des structures anciennes et des formes des anciens édifices. Mais le béton a remplacé les blocs de corail pour l’édification des plateformes sur lesquelles sont construits les édifices et les tôles métalliques ont supplanté les chaumes de palmes pour les couvertures (pp. 81-109).
La seconde partie de l’ouvrage (pp. 113-173) est purement architecturale. Elle montre, à l’aide de nombreux croquis et de photos anciennes, les différentes étapes de la construction d’un édifice « traditionnel », s’intéresse aux outils utilisés, à la fabrication des divers éléments de couverture, à la réalisation par les femmes des centaines de mètres de cordages à partir de fibres de bourre de noix de coco. Ce sont les femmes également qui tressent les palmes de cocotier pour réaliser les plaques qui servent de cloisons mobiles en glissant de haut en bas le long des poteaux situés sur la circonférence d’un édifice (pp. 178-179). Celles-ci permettant d’occulter momentanément certaines parties du périmètre d’une maison pour la protéger du vent ou des regards.
Les appendices de l’ouvrage donnent un aperçu des différentes techniques de brellages destinées à relier des poutres entre elles. Les nombreux croquis et photos couleur en montrent la grande variété et surtout l’esthétique (pp. 181-197). Ce type de technique se retrouve, entre autres, dans l’architecture fidjienne.
L’ouvrage comporte une intéressante bibliographie, une liste commentée des illustrations et un glossaire des termes samoan utilisés. Les différents chapitres sont abondamment illustrés de photos noir et blanc et en couleurs, dont certaines présentent la vie quotidienne des Samoans. On peut regretter que la présentation de cette architecture sophistiquée n’ait pas été mise en relation avec celle des archipels voisins d’autres états du Pacifique, comme Tonga et Fidji (cf. Lehner, 1995). De même, la résistance de la structure de couverture très complexe des édifices n’est pas suffisamment explicitée par rapport à l’action des éléments naturels locaux : vents, pluies, cyclones. La forme oblongue et en coupole des couvertures des fare samoans évoquent en effet les cases anticycloniques des îles Shepherd au Vanuatu (Coiffier, 1988 : 124-127). Il faut souhaiter cependant que de tels ouvrages puissent être réalisés dans d’autres archipels, car les architectures « traditionnelles » de nombreuses régions océaniennes demeurent encore méconnues et disparaissent rapidement au profit d’une architecture standardisée.
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
Coiffier Christian, 1988. Traditional Architecture in Vanuatu, Suva/Port Vila, Institute of Pacific Studies/Vanuatu Extension Centre of the University of the South Pacific.
Higginson La’auli Francis (Peter) et Philippe Lair, 1992. The Samoan Fale, unesco Office for the Pacific States and unesco Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
Lehner Erich, 1995. Südsee-Architekture. Traditionelle Bautypen auf Hawaii, Tonga, Samoa, Neuseeland und den Fidschi-Inseln, Wien, (Austria), Phoibos Verlag.
Oliver Paul (ed), 1997. Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World, Cambridge, (United Kingdom), Cambridge University Press.


